Violacein

Jiří Patočka

     Violacein je fialový pigment, izolovaný z gram-negativní betaprotobakterie Chromobacterium violaceum, nalezené v řece Amazonce v Brazílii (Rettori a Durán, 1998). Ch. violaceum je patogenní bakterie, která v tropických a subtropických oblastech způsobuje oportunní infekce (Richard, 1993). Septikémie vyvolané touto bakterií mohou být fatální pro zvířata i pro člověka (Durán a Menck, 2001). Molekula violaceinu obsahuje dvě indolová a jedno pyrrolové jádro (3-[1,2-dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-3H-pyrrol-3-ilydeno]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-on) (Rettori a Durán, 1998).

      Violacein má vlastnosti antibiotika. Usmrcuje bakterie (Durán a Menck, 2001) a vyvolává apoptózu u různých typů rakovinných buněk (Melo et al., 2000, 2003; Ferreira et al., 2004; de Carvalho et al., 2006; Kodach et al., 2006; Durán et al., 2007). Středně účinným antibiotikem je také u Trypanosoma cruzi (Durán et al., 1989) a Leishmania amazonensis (Leon et al., 2001). Violacein by mohl nalézt uplatnění na farmách při léčení mastitidy dojnic (Cazoto et al., 2011).

Literatura
Cazoto LL, Martins D, Ribeiro MG, Durán N, Nakazato G. Antibacterial activity of violacein against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Bovine Mastitis. J Antibiot 2011; 64: 395-397.
de Carvalho DD, Costa FTM, Durán N, Haun M. Cytotoxic activity of violacein in human colon cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20: 1514-1521.
Durán N, Campos V, Riveros R, Joyas A, Pereira MF, Haun M. Bacterial chemistry. III. Preliminary studies on trypanosomal activities of Chromobacterium violaceum products. An Acad Bras Cienc 1989; 61: 31-36.
Durán N, Justo GZ, Ferreira CV, Melo PS, Cordi L, Martins D. Violacein: properties and biological activities. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2007; 48: 127-133.
Durán N, Menck CF. Chromobacterium violaceum: a review of pharmacological and industrial perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27: 201-222.
Ferreira CV, Bos CL, Versteeg HH, Justo GZ, Durán N, Peppelenbosch MP. Molecular mechanism of violacein-mediated human leukemia cell death. Blood 2004; 104: 1459-1464.
Kodach LL, Bos CL, Durán N, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira CV, Hardwick JC. Violacein synergistically increases 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity, induces apoptosis and inhibits Akt-mediated signal transduction in human colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2006 27:°508-516.
Leon LL, Miranda CC, De Souza AO, Durán N. Antileishmanial activity of the violacein extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001; 48: 449-450.
Melo PS, Justo GZ, de Azevedo MB, Durán N, Haun M. Violacein and its β-cyclodextrin complexes induce apoptosis and differentiation in HL60 cells. Toxicology 2003;186: 217-218.

Melo PS, Maria SS, Vidal BC, Haun M, Durán N. Violacein cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in V79 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 2000; 36: 539-543.
Rettori D, Durán N. Production, extraction and purification of violacein: an antibiotic produced by Chromobacterium violaceum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1998;14(5): 685-688.
Richard C. Chromobacterium violaceum, opportunist pathogenic bacteria in tropical and
subtropical regions. [Article in French] Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1993; 86(3): 169.