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  Články vlastní: Mycena pura and its constituents: is it a hallucinogenic mushroom?
Publikováno: Úterý, 06.12. 2022 - 22:24:09 Od: Prof. Patocka
prof Patočka

Mycena pura and its constituents: is it a hallucinogenic mushroom?

Jiří Patočka, Zdenka Navrátilová, Misganaw T. Ayana, Radoslav Patočka

     Mycena pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. 1871, is a pedunculate fungus (Agaricomycetes) from the Mycenaceae family that grows practically all over the world. It is a very abundant and striking helmet with its color and smell. It grows from spring to autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests, usually on a thicker layer of litter. It is a very variable species, or rather a complex of cryptic species (Harder et al., 2013). The mushroom smells like radishes (Spoerke, 1994) and is reported to be mildly poisonous and hallucinogenic (Watling, 1983; Karadelev and Spasikova, 2003).

Mycena pura. Photo: Ing. Milena Patočková



     Muscarine should be responsible for the hallucinogenic effect of Mycena pura (Stadelmann et al., 1976; Young, 1994; Stijve, 1995). However, Stadelmann et al. (1976) demonstrated that at least 75% of muscarine is present in the form of eppi-muscarine, one of the isomers of muscarine that has little pharmacological activity (Van Rossum, 1960). However, Flammer and Horak (1983) report that the Mycena pura is poisonous and ingestion causes sweating, vomiting and confusion. Also, other authors demonstrate that ingestion of the mushroom causes gastrointestinal disturbances (Ammirati et al., 1985) and causes muscarinic syndrome (Lincoff and Mitchel, 1977), but that the radish mushroom is less poisonous than the pink mushroom (Mycena rosea) because it contains less muscarine (Bresinsky and Besl, 1990). Goigoux (1992) and Benjamin (1995) report that the symptoms of Mycena pura poisoning are delayed, up to an hour and a half after eating, and include sweating, salivation, hypertension, diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain, as well as bradycardia, which can drop below 30 beats per minute. This could be one of the reasons why accidental poisonings of humans by Mycena pura can result in death (Kumar and Kaviyarasan, 1976; Pore, 1993; Verma et al., 2014; Tiewsoh et al., 2022).
     Mycena pura, like other mushrooms, contains a number of other bioactive substances, but these apparently have no effect on its toxicity, nor are they involved in the clinical symptoms of poisoning. A very high concentration of boron (401 – 607 mg/kg) (Vetter, 1995) and an increased concentration of copper (71 - 82 mg/kg) were found in the fruiting bodies of the radish helmet, while the concentrations of other heavy metals are within the usual limits (Svoboda et al., 2006; ªen et al., 2012). Among the organic compounds, a number of volatile substances) such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and terpenes were found in the fresh fruiting bodies of this mushroom (Palazzolo et al., 2017). From the point of view of the potential medicinal use of Mycena pura, the discovery of an antimicrobially effective peptide that strongly blocks Escherichia coli, numerous Salmonella and Candida, as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is significant (Lavanya and Subhashini, 2013). Mycena pura also contains lectins with antimicrobial and hemolytic effects (Antoyuk et al., 2009; 2010).
     The specific substances contained in the Mycena pura are L-γ-propylidene-glutamic acid (Hatanaka and Katayama, 1975) and α-methylene-γ-aminobutyric acid, which is a product of the decarboxylation of  L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid by the action of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (Hatanaka and Takishima, 1977).
References
Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous mushrooms of North United States and Canada. University of  Minnesota Press, 1985.
Antonyuk VO, Yastchenko AM, Antonyuk RV, Ambarova NO. Carbohydrate specificity of lectin, purified from the fruiting bodies of Mycena pura /Fr./ Kumm. and its use in histochemical investigation. Biopolymers & Cell; Kiev. 2009; 25(6): 466-475. 
Antonyuk VO, Nemchenko OO, Tymchuk IV, Danileuchenko VV, Stoika RS. Studies of hemolytical and antimicrobical action of Amanita virosa Secr. and Mycena pura /Fr./ Kumm. poisonous mushrooms lectins. Biopolymers & Cell; Kiev. 2010; 26(1): 29-35. 
Benjamin DR.  Mushrooms: Poisons and panaceas. New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 422.
Bresinsky A, Besl H. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Mushroom, Wolfe Publishing Ltd., Germany, 1990; pp. 95-97.
Flammer R, Horak E. Giftpilze – Pilzgifte: Erkennung und Behandlung von Pilzvergiftungen; Sporenschlussel, Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung. W. Keller and Co., Stuttgart, 1983.
Goigoux, P. 1992. Un cas grave d’intoxication par Mycena rosea. Bull fed Mycol. Dauphine-savoie.127: 10-11.
Harder CB, Læssøe T, Frøslev TG, Ekelund F, Rosendahl S, Kjøller R. (2013). A three-gene phylogeny of the Mycena pura complex reveals 11 phylogenetic species and shows ITS to be unreliable for species identification. Fungal Biology, 2013; 117(11-12): 764-775.
Hatanaka SI, Katayama H. L-γ-Propylideneglutamic acid and related compounds from Mycena pura. Phytochemistry, 1975; 14(5-6): 1434-1436.
Hatanaka SI, Takishima K. α-Methylene-γ-aminobutyric acid from Mycena pura. Phytochemistry, 1977; 16(11): 1820-1821.
Holec J, Beran M, Bielich A. Přehled hub střední Evropy. Academia Praha 2012; 622 p.
Karadelev M, Spasikova S. Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. In Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 2003; pp. 25-29.
Kumar M, Kaviyarasan V. Few common poisonous mushrooms of Kolli hills, South India. Mycotaxon, 1976; 3(3): 363.
Lavanya J, Subhashini S. Therapeutic proteins and peptides from edible and medicinal mushrooms. Eur Sci J. 2013; 9(24): 162-176.
Lincoff G, Mitchel DH. Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning -  a Hand
Book for Physician and Mushroom Hunters. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1977.
Palazzolo E, Saiano F, Laudicina VA, Gargano ML, Venturella G. Volatile organic compounds in wild fungi from Mediterranean forest ecosystems. J Essential Oil Res. 2017;  29(5): 385-390.
Pore  RS. Mushroom poisoning. In Fungal Infections and Immune Responses (pp. 493-519). Springer, Boston, MA, 1993.
ªen İ, Alli H, Çöl B, Celikkollu M, Balci A. Trace metal contents of some wild-growing mushrooms in Bigadiç (Balıkesir), Turkey. Turkish J Botany, 2012; 36(5): 519-528.
Spoerke DG. Mushroom odors. Handbook of mushroom poisoning. Diagnosis and treatment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994; pp. 399-418.
Stadelmann RJ, Miiller E, Eugster CH.  Uber die Verbreitung der stereomeren Muscarine innerhalb. Helvetica Chemica Acta, 1976; 59(7): 3432-3436.
Stijve T. Worldwide occurrence of psychoactive mushrooms  - an update. Czech Mycol, 1995; 48(1): 11-19.
Svoboda L, Havlíčková B, Kalač P. Contents of cadmium, mercury and lead in edible mushrooms growing in a historical silver-mining area. Food Chem. 2006; 96(4): 580-585.
Tiewsoh I, Bhattacharya PK, Barman B, Barman H, Rapthap K, Sangla L, Lynrah KG. Delayed liver toxicity and delayed gastroenteritis: A 5 year retrospective analysis of the cause of death in Mushroom poisoning. J Family Med Primary Care, 2022; 11(5): 1963-1969.
Van Rossum JM. Atropine-like actions of muscarine isomers. Science, 1960; 132(3432). 954-956.
Verma N, Bhalla A, Kumar S, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. Wild mushroom poisoning in north India: case series with review of literature. J Clin ExpHepatol, 2014; 4(4): 361-365.
Vetter Y. Boron content of Hungarian edible wild mushrooms. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-untersuchung und-forschung, 1995; 201(6): 524-527.
Watlin R. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. J Forensic Sci Society,1983;  23(1): 53-66.
Young  A. Muscarine-containing Mushrooms. Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment, 1994; pp. 289-299.
 
 
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